180 Degree Rule

The 180° rule is a basic guideline in film making that states that two characters (or other elements) in the same scene should always have the same left/right relationship to each other. If the camera passes over the imaginary axis connecting the two subjects, it is called crossing the line.

Music

As time goes on, the way we listen to music is constantly changing, from cassetts to CDS, to HiFis to mp3s. I think this has happened because music is such an important aspect to many people and business' have realised this and learnt that people are always looking for easier and cheaper ways to listen to their favourite songs. I personally cant go a day without lisenting to music, on the go I always have my ipod and at home services like 'youtube' and 'spotify' allow me easy access to the songs I want. With the amount of music technology about, the actual hardware of a CD is no longer needed. Sales have fallen massively as more and more people turn to downloading of music. It is clear, in my opinion, that downloading of music is a lot better than actually buying the physical copy. When we download music, we dont even need to leave our homes, we have the music quickly and easily and saved for as long as we want. I believe that in years to come, CDs will be a thing of the past and downloading will be used by everyone. Statistics prove that more people are downloading, more often that not illegally, as people want the cheapest means possible.

Incidental Music

Music used in a film or play as a background to create or enhance a particular atmosphere. Music composed to accompany the action of a drama or to fill intervals between scenes. An example is shown here at 2.50 I think it was used here to add to the feel of fear and danger of the battle ocuring here, making it more jumpy and adds to the attack feel.

Mode of Address/Direct Address

Mode of Address: This refers to the manner in which the narrative comes across to the audience. This includes the style of language used by the character. For example if the characters were higher class the dialect used would be different to the dialect used of those from a lower class. For example: at 2.50 The camera is placed in such a way that it looks as if the voice is talking directly to the audience. It is used to make the audience to make the audience feel more included in the scene.

Dialogue

Conversation between 2 or more playing as a feature in a movie or a play. This is shown at 1.56. This is used to make the scene same realistic and like an everyday activity that we all go through.

Ellipses

Ellipses and expansion of time Shot transitions that omit parts of an event, causing an ellipses in plot and story duration. Elliptical editing need not be confined to a same place and time. An example is shown at 2.06 I think it was used to help increase the sense of panic and fear as the character in this scene is a in a life or death situation.

Superimposition

Superimposition In graphics, superimposition is the placement of an image or video on top of an already-existing image or video, usually to add to the overall image effect, but also sometimes to conceal something. An example below is shown at 0.24 I think it was used here as it makes the audience believe this scene is actually happening and increases the fear sense.

Lighting

Artifical Lighting Artificial lighting is any lighting that is not sunlight. It can be turned on and off at a flick of a switch. Available Lighting The term usually refers to sources of light that are already available naturally (e.g. the sun, moon, lightning) or artificial light already being used (e.g. to light a room). It generally excludes flashes, although arguably flash lighting provided by other photographers shooting simultaneously in the same space could be considered available light. Key Lighting The purpose of the key light is to highlight the form and dimension of the subject. The key light is not a rigid requirement. Many key lights may be placed in a scene to illuminate a moving subject at opportune moments. Fill Lighting Lighting that is used to soften shadows within a scene. Used in conjunction with Key Lighting. Back Lighting n the context of lighting design, backlighting refers to the process of illuminating the subject from the back. In other words, the lighting instrument and the viewer are facing towards each other, with the subject in between. Set Lighting Set lighting is used to illuminate the set, rather than the characters. It helps highlight the significance of the surrounding set the characters are in.

Props

A theatrical property, commonly referred to as a prop, is an object used on stage by actors to further the plot or story line of a theatrical production. Smaller props are referred to as "hand props". Larger props may also be set decoration, such as a chair or table. The difference between a set decoration and a prop is use. If the item is not touched by a performer for any reason it is simply a set decoration. If it is touched by the actor in accordance to script requirements or as deemed by the director, it is a prop.

Make up and Costume

Makeup and costumes are an extremely important aspect of that because they help establish the film's overall look, which in term contributes to the mood and tone the filmmakers hope to establish. Some types of makeup are used to convey specific features about the character. In its most extreme form, makeup can be used to convey traumatic wounds or even transform an actor into an alien or inhuman creature. They can include jewelry and props such as belts or knapsacks in addition to proper clothing. In strictest terms, costumes help convey a sense of character--what this person might wear in day-to-day life--and actors often help pick out costumes that they feel best reflect that character. For example, the above picture from 'Downtownabbey' clearly tells the audience that its from todays time period simply by looking at the clothes.

Set Design

Set design is the visual representation of the form and arrangement of scenery and properties. Props and equipment are used to help create the perfect scene for the show and this makes it all seem more real to the audience.

Studio

A studio is where a lot of tv shows and films get made, the inside of a building is transformed to be made to look like the needed scene for the tv show. Most companies are not big enough to own their own studio, so instead rent one for the time space needed.

Location

A filming location is a place where some or all of a film or television series is produced, in addition to or instead of using sets constructed on a movie studio backlot or soundstage. In filmmaking, a location is any place where a film crew will be filming actors and recording their dialog. A location where dialog is not recorded may be considered as a second unit photography site. Often filmmakers choose to shoot on location because they believe that greater realism can be achieved in a "real" place, however location shooting is also often motivated by the film's budget.

Production Design

The PD is responsible for creating the overall look of the film and for delivering the visual production values that are created in the studio or on location by their physical properties. A designer is usually responsible for determining the set and costume colour palettes, the location and studio choices, the set layouts and design concepts and overall stylistic 'look' of the film within the budget and other production constraints. For example: at 8.09, the two girls are wearing school uniforms and the long corridors and lockers are common to a school, this clearly shows the audience that it is situated on school grounds and that the characters are pupils of this school.

Ambient Sound

This is usually background noise that is used to establish the location of the sound. For example, if a scene were in a park, sounds effects such as dogs barking and children laughing etc would be heard in the background of the main characters. An example is shown below at 0.30. This is used by the cheering nosies in the background highlighting it as a school play ground with a fight occuring but the girls chanting to the aggressive noises of the fight. I think it was used here to make the scene more realistic to the audience.

Theme and Stings

Themes and stings are short bursts of music through out a tv drama. They were originally used to add characters and scenes together. It is used in the following clip immediately at the beginning. I think it was used to here to create an emotional feel

Score

Score soundtracks are melodies written for a specific looped scene, for example a theme tune for a tv show. This helps make the show more unique with its own distinctive song and makes people recognise it instantly. For example: This is the famous theme tune for Doctor who, which even if people dont watch the show, will be able to tell where it is from instantly. This shows just how effective a score can be.

Sound Perspective

A sound’s position in space as perceived by the viewer given by volume, timbre, and pitch. At 0.18 in the following, a car drives past the camera, and as the car gets further away the sound of it decreases. This is used to add to the movement of the car getting further away. I think it portray a sense of a reality in this trailer.

Sound Mixing

The combination, during the phase of postproduction, of three different categories of film sound-dialogue, sound effects, and music. This can be done in either the original shooting process or in editing. Two or more sound sources can be connected to a sound mixer. For example at 0.12. I think it was used to here to create the scene and make it more real life like, as it is in a public place different background noises would be heard as well as the characters speaking to each other.

Voice Over

A voice over, often abbreviated VO in script notation, is a narrative technique in which an unseen actor's lines are heard over visual elements in a movie or commercial. example, at 0.06: I think this was used here to create the feel of fear and unease in the audience, as it is a trailer it helps give the audience a taste of the story but not the full details of what is going to happen in the show.

Sound Bridge

Sound bridges can lead in or out of a scene. They can occur at the beginning of one scene when the sound from the previous scene carries over briefly before the sound from the new scene begins. Alternatively, they can occur at the end of a scene, when the sound from the next scene is heard before the image appears on the screen. An example is shown below at 4.37 The sound heard carries the scene into the next with the same song being heard in the background. I think this was used to make a more continuous feel with the characters as part of their movements are missed, the sound being added on helps distract from this.

Sound Motif

A sound effect or combination of sound effects that are associated with a particular character, setting, situation or idea through the film. Shown below at 0.16 is an example of this. The sound in the background of these two characters clearly symbolises the hatred they have for each other and this sound motif is heard to help add to the sense of disagreement and the uneasiness that they have with each other.

Sound Effects

Sound effects (or audio effects) are artificially created or enhanced sounds, or sound processes used to emphasize artistic or other content of films, television shows, live performance, animation, video games, music, or other media. example: at 2.27 It was used here to help create the sense of the tardius being real and acctualy transporting itself in this way, this helps add to the show of being supernatural and not normal to the audience.

Asynchronous Sound

Sound which is indigenous to the action but not precisely synchronized with the action. In a close­up in which the surroundings are not visible, a sound that seeps into the shot sometimes impresses us as mysterious, simply because we cannot see its source. It produces the tension arising from curiosity and expectation. Sometimes the audience does not know what the sound is they hear, but the character in the film can hear it.AN example is shown at 2.00 in I think it was used here to entice the sense of fear and let the audience know that something bad and dangerous is coming, but they do not know what making it more scary.

Synchronous sound

This is sound that appears to be matched to certain movements occurring in the scene. For example shown at, 0.08 It was used her to make sure all focus is on the choir at this point as they are the most important thing occuring.

Digetic Sound

Sound whose source is visible on the screen or whose source is implied to be present by the action of the film: -voices of characters -sounds made by objects in the story -music represented as coming from instruments in the story space Another term for diegetic sound is actual sound. example: at 20.09 - It was used here as it is a scence from a school prom and the music makes it more beliveable and real life to the audience.

Non Digetic Sound

Sound whose source is neither visible on the screen nor has been implied to be present in the action: -narrator's commentary -sound effects which is added for the dramatic effect -mood music example: at 18.48 I think this is used here to help create a sense of uncertainty and uneasynesss which adds to the fact that we know something different and new is going to happen in this episode, but we dont know if it will be good or bad

Post Production

Post Production It is a term for all stages of production occurring after the actual end of shooting and/or recording the completed work.

Slow Motion

Slow Motion Slow motion (commonly abbreviated as slowmo) is an effect in film-making whereby time appears to be slowed down. Typically this style is achieved when each film frame is captured at a rate much faster than it will be played back. When replayed at normal speed, time appears to be moving more slowly. An example is shown here at 1.00 I think it was used as it was the death of a main character, it makes the scene more emotional and grasps the audience more almost making them feel upset for the death of the character.

Wipe

Wipe A wipe is a transition from one shot to another, where a moving line or pattern reveals the new shot. example; at 2.10. I think it was used here to show the audience exactly what is happening and makes the scene more life like for the audience as if they are there watching it exactly as it happens.

Cut

Cut In editing a cut, is a single unbroken strip of film. example: this is shown at 3.30. I think it was used here to help emphasise the sense of rush and urgency that the character in this scene is going through.

Fade in, Fade out

Fade in, Fade out a cinematographic technique causing the picture to darken and disappear (fade out) or the reverse (fade in). example: I think it was used to create suspense as it was in a trailer, which helps draw the audience in.

Dissolve

Dissolve A dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another. The terms fade-out and fade-in and are used to describe a transition to and from a blank image. This is in contrast to a cut where there is no such transition. A dissolve overlaps two shots for the duration of the effect, usually at the end of one scene and the beginning of the next. example: This is an example shown at 2.30. I think this was used here to create a mystical feel, and a sense of not knowing what could happen next.

Insert

Insert In film, an insert is a shot of part of a scene as filmed from a different angle and/or focal length from the master shot. Inserts cover action already covered in the master shot, but emphasize a different aspect of that action due to the different framing. An insert differs from a cutaway as cutaways cover action not covered in the master shot. example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbvDaFRZheM This shown at 0.37. It has been used here to help create fear and panic by closing up on something we know is going to be dangerous and has worrying results.

Cutaway

Cutaway One popular editing technique is known as a cutaway, primarily because it cuts away from the main action for a short time. A cutaway shot is not necessarily the same as a flashback or flash forward, in which the timeline of the film is moved backwards or forwards. A typical cutaway shot usually takes place at the same time as the main action sequence, showing the audience other plot points occurring simultaneously. example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHpKw5_SV6I This is shown at 0.45 to 0.16. It creates a feeling of fear, leaving the audience questioning what is going to happen next and prolongs the feeling of suspense.

Parallel Editing

Parallel Editing A style of editing that involves cutting back and forth between two or more scenes in which the action is taking place simultaneously or in which one action is compared or contrasted with another. this is shown at 0.46 to 0.50. This is gives an over view of the characters and lets the audience more about both of them even though they are unrelated. As it is used in a trailer it helps entice the audience.

Cross Cutting

Cross Cutting Cross-cutting is an editing technique most often used in films to establish action occurring at the same time in two different locations. In a cross-cut, the camera will cut away from one action to another action, which can suggest the simultaneity of these two actions but this is not always the case. Suspense may be added by cross-cutting. example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2Ru8RtYSEo This example is used through out the episode, I think it was used to help the audience understand the full action that is happening, giving them a better understanding.

Jump Cut

Jump Cut A jump cut is a cut in film editing in which two sequential shots of the same subject are taken from camera positions that vary only slightly. This type of edit causes the subject of the shots to appear to "jump" position in a discontinuous way. Jump cuts, in contrast, draw attention to the constructed nature of the film. example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooROzkPMHfo at 2.06 I think it was used here to increase the feel of panic and danger in this scene, helping add adrenaline to the action occurring here.

Eyeline Match

Above at 0.58 is an example of eyeline match. An eyeline match is a film editing technique associated with the continuity editing system. It is based on the premise that the audience will want to see what the character on-screen is seeing. The eyeline match begins with a character looking at something off-screen, followed by a cut to the object or person at which he or she is looking at. I think it was used to help the audience understand the situation therefore drawing them in as they can see what is happening from all perspectives.

Shot ReverseShot

Above at 0.33 is an example is shot reveres shot. Shot reverse shot (or shot/countershot) is a film technique where one character is shown looking at another character (often off-screen), and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character. Since the characters are shown facing in opposite directions, the viewer assumes that they are looking at each other. I think it was used to make the audience feel more involved and allow to them to see the conversation happening from the perspective of each character.

Editing

Why is editing so important? Editing is so important because good editing can make a bad production turn out good. Through editing, shots are combined in accordance with the script to create finished movies and make it look more professional and complete. It has a crucial part in the production of a film or video work. It is because of the significant importance of this phase of film and video production that the process takes an extended amount of time to complete. When you put everything together with editing, this is when you really start to see the initial concept take concrete form. diting is one of the most exciting and satisfying stages of production, because this is when you don't just have a bunch of ideas and footage, this is when you actually have a video or a movie on your hands.

Image and Sound

What is meant by transition of image? Transition is a technique used in the editing of film making by combining scenes. This is commonly used from a normal cut to the following scene.

What is meant by transition of sound? Transition of sound is when sound effects or vocals change through from scene to scene submerging into one and is an obvious change.

The Focus Pull

Above at 3.13 is an example of the focus pull. The focus pull (AKA rack focus) is a creative camera technique in which you change focus during a shot. Usually this means adjusting the focus from one subject to another. I think this was used to create a dramatic feel and creates suspense for the viewer.

Depth of field

Above at 1.21 is an example of depth of field. Depth of field refers to the range of distances from the camera at which acceptably sharp focus can be obtained. I think it was used in the above example as it draws the audiences attention to the primary object rather than the background.

Rule of thirds

Above at 2.09 is an example of the rule of thirds being used. The object is in two thirds of the picture. The theory is that if you place points of interest in the intersections or along the lines that your photo becomes more balanced and will enable a viewer of the image to interact with it more naturally. I think it was used here to make it more realistic and gain focus on the the main character, drawing the audience in more.

Framing

Above at 0.40 is an example of framing. Framing is when the object has a frame of other objects however the main focus point is the primary object. I think it was used here to highlight the sense of romance being presented in the scene.

Zoom

Above at 0.29 is an example of zoom. Changing the focal length of a camera by adjusting the physical zoom lens. All zoom lenses in film cameras and digital single lens reflex cameras are optical zoom. Digital point and shoot cameras as well as consumer and prosumer video camcorders have optical zoom, but they also have digital zoom. I think it was used to give personal feel for the audience and draw the audience in more with their emotions.

Reverse Zoom

Above at 0.04 is an example of the reverse zoom technique. This is the opposite of zoom, it is when the camera zooms out from the object giving an over view of the scene. I think it was used in this scene because it shows isolation of the character.

Handheld

Here at 0.01 is an example of a handheld camera being used. Hand-held camera or hand-held shooting is a filmmaking and video production technique in which a camera is held in the camera operator's hands as opposed to being mounted on a tripod or other base. Hand-held cameras are used because they are conveniently sized for travel and because they allow greater freedom of motion during filming. It helps add to the chaos for the viewer adding more intensity to the fight.

Steadicam

Above at 0.50 is an example of steadicam. When you move while you're shooting, the camera seems to pick up your body's every jolt and shake no matter how hard you try to keep it level. But in professional movies and television shows you see lots of long, moving handheld shots that have no jolts and shakes at all. Cameramen achieve this remarkable effect using a device called a Steadicam®. Since their introduction in 1976, Steadicams have become one of the most important tools in the filmmaking world. I think it was used to create a smooth surface, therefore making the show seem more professional.

Crane

Above at 0.30 is an example of crane movement. In filmmaking and video production a crane shot is a shot taken by a camera on a crane or Jib (camera). The most obvious uses are to view the actors from above or to move up and away from them, a common way of ending a movie. I think it was used to give an over view of the character and help add to the atmosphere.

Dolly (equipment)

Here at 0.24 is an examply of dolly equipemnt being used. A dolly is a cart which travels along tracks. The camera is mounted on the dolly and records the shot as it moves. Dolly shots have a number of applications and can provide very dramatic footage. I think it was used here to create the sense that a exciting journey is going to happen as it is a trailer, and it well help draw in the audience.

Tracking

Above at 0.05 is an example of a trqcking shot. Tracking shots involve the use of dollies to pull the camera around a scene. A tracking shot can be doneUnlike a typical shot where the action passes by a stationary camera, a tracking shot uses a moving camera that follows along with the action. The effect is that viewers feel like they are part of the action. Since their perspective is constantly changing they are active participants instead of static observers.

Tilt Movement

The tilt shot is similar to the pan shot, but the tilt shot moves vertically instead of horizontally. Like the pan shot, the tilt shot can be done hand held or with a tripod with a good head.Tilt shots are often used to show the vertical significance of something. For example, imagine being at the bottom of a building and then tilting the camera upwards to capture the entire building structure. I think the tilt movement was used here to help create a lonely and sense of unattachment from the characters, which in turn creates a sympathetic emotion in the audience, drawing them in more.

Pan Movement

Pan Movement At 0.08 in the above video is an example of panning movement. In photography, panning refers to the rotation in a horizontal plane of a still camera or video camera. Panning a camera results in a motion similar to that of someone shaking their head "no". I think it was used to give the audience a full view of the scene but also keeping the full focus on the main character.

Low Angle

Low Angle Shown above at 1.59 is a low angle. A camera angle that looks up at a subject or object. Often used to make the subject/object appear powerful/dominant. I think it was used here to make the character more prominent in the scene and highlight her importance in the show, telling the audience she has a significance and leaves the audience wanting to find out what it is.

Canted Angle

Canted Angle Shown above at 0.14 is an example of canted angle. A camera angle which is deliberately slanted to one side, sometimes used for dramatic effect to help portray unease, disorientation, panic etc. I think it was used here to show the character at a confused and dramatic point which will make the audience begin to question what is happening in the show so they will want to watch more.

High Angle

High Angle A hight angle is shown above at 0.04. Shown above is an example of a high angle. A high angle is when the camera is above eye line and allows the audience to look down on the character. I think it was used here to create a sense of vulnerability around the character and also a sense of despair and being lost which in turn creates a feel of sympathy for the character and intrigues the audience.

Over the Shoulder

Shown above is an example of a over the shoulder shot at 0.06. An over the shoulder shot is when the camera is positioned from behind one charter looking on to another person or thing, from the perspective of looking over them. I think it was used here to make the audience feel more involved in the scene and as if they are actually there at the time it was occurring.

Point of View

Point of View Shot A subjective camera angle that becomes the perspective of a character. We look at the world through his or her eyes. I think the point of view shot was used here to make the audience feel more intrigued and as if they are involved. It also involves the audience as it makes the show less acted, and seem more realistic therefore involving the audience.

Aerial Shot

Aerial Shot An aerial shot is shown above at 0.09. This suggests a shot be taken from a plane or helicopter (not a crane). For example, if a scene takes place on a tall building, you may want to have an aerial shot of the floor the action takes place on. An extremely high angle view of a subject but may also refer to a shot taken from an actual airplane or helicopter. I think the aerial shot was used here to show the setting clearly and so the audience understand what is happening and where more clearly.

Two Shot

Two Shot Shown above is an example of a two-shot at 0.31. A two shot is a medium-range camera shot of two persons. I think it was used here to help show the audience the type of relationship the two character have by closing up on their faces whilst with each other.

Wide Shot

Wide Shot Shown above is a wide shot at 0.11. In the wide shot, the subject takes up the full frame. In this case, the boy's feet are almost at the bottom of frame and his head is almost at the top. Obviously the subject doesn't take up the whole width and height of the frame but the main focus is on it. I think a wide shot was used here to emphasises on the main character, and help the audience understand what the character is really like in every expect.

Mid Shot

Mid Shot

The mid shot shows some part of the subject in more detail, whilst still showing enough for the audience to feel as if they were looking at the whole subject. In fact, this is an approximation of how you would see a person "in the flesh" if you were having a casual conversation. You wouldn't be paying any attention to their lower body, so that part of the picture is unnecessary. I think the mid shot was used here to help create the scene as a more real life situatuion and make the audience feel more involoved as if they are really there at the time.

Long Shot

Shown above is an example of a long shot. Usually, but not always, the opening establishing shot of the movie is a long shot, it is called a long shot because the camera is placed far away to capture a large area of view. The long shot usually introduces the beginning of every scene. It sets in motion the audience's perception of time, place and logical action of the scene that is about to transpire. I think this technique was used to emphaise the particular secne and help create a dramtic and action filled tv drama.

Medium Shot

Medium Shot

THe above image shows an example of a medium shot. The medium shot is the most common shot used in movies. Medium shots can be shot with any lens, but generally a medium lens is a lens that has the least amount of distortion, which is the same as to say that it photographs people and scenery in the way you normally see them in true perspective. I think a medium shot was used here to show the different characters faces, but to also reinforce the main character in show as all the characters are blurred out bar one.

Close Up

Close Up An example of a close up is shown in the above video at 0.07. A close up is a photograph or a film or television shot in which the subject is tightly framed and shown at a relatively large scale. I think the close up was used her to intriuge the audience and make the trailer more dramatic. It also highlights the emotions of the paticular character and almost creates a sense of wanting more and leaves the audience wanting to know what will happen next.

Extreme Long Shot

Extreme Long Shot An example of an extreme long shot is shown in the above video at 0.08. An extreme long shot is when the camera is the furthest possible distance from the subject. An extreme long shot is used to show a large amount of landscape around the character or characters in a specific scene. This can also be known as an establishing shot. I think an extreme long shot was used in this video because its a trailer for a new season of 'Doctor Who' and is aimed to intrigue the audience. The extreme long shot creates a dramatic feel as it is of the world which involves everyone and also creates a sense of adventure as the 'tardis' is leaving the world.